Hello Dare,
Good question. The thumbnail size that’s set in the media settings will control any galleries that you insert into a page or post. It’ll set the size of those thumbnail images.
The featured images outside of that are set in the images.php file. You’re welcome to edit them, though it adversely affect the layout of the site.
If you’d like to change the ones that are used with blog posts, then you’ll want to edit this one:
add_image_size('single', 960, 640, true);
The 960 is the width and the 640 is the height. Any changes you make there will only affect new image uploads. To change any images you’ve already uploaded you’ll need to use the Regenerate Thumbnails plugin.
If you have any questions or trouble, let me know,
Bill